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Availability & Quality of Water Resources

Background and Availability View the Water Quality Standards
Std for surface water Surface Water Quality Stds Formulated by CPCB   Primary Water Quality Criteria for Bathing Water
  [By MoEF under The E(P)Rules,1986]
Stds for groundwater quality BIS & WHO Standards for Drinking Water
Water Quality Monitoring Network  Water Bodywise Monitoring
 Stations,locations,
 Sampling Frequency, Protocol
 for Parameters Parameters Analyses
Monitoring Stations on Ganga River Stream Monitoring Stations on Lakes & Ponds Water Bodies Ground Water Quality Monitoring Stations
Status of Surface Water Quality River Ganga Observation
Ghaghara
Observation
Gandak Observation
Sone Observation
Trend of DO
Trend of DO
Trend of DO
Trend of DO
Trend of BOD
Trend of BOD
Trend of BOD
Trend of BOD
Trend of T C & F C
Trend of T C 
Trend of T C 
Trend of T C
Status of Ground Water Quality 
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Arsenic Contamination in Ground  Water  of  Bihar


Background and Availability of Water Resources

    Ganga and Gandak are perennial rivers flow through the state. In addition Sone, Ghaghraand ---------- are seasonal rivers and are tributaries of Ganga.These have a water potential of about ---------.the state has a network of canals of length------km and drains of length -------km. The total surface and ground water resources in the state are estimated to be about-----------.Water resources in the state are being used mainly for industrial, irrigation and drinking purposes.The ground water is also a major resource of drinking water. With respect to quality of surface & ground water,theyare affected by following ways:

Direct Point Sources: Discharge of Industrial waste, Domestic waste/Municipal waste and refuse.

 
Agricultural Sources: Run off and soil erosion from agricultural lands carrying chemical fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides. and

 
 
Activities potential to pollution: The use of ground water in excess of recharge is leading to a fall in water table. This should be consider on priority basis, since this is the cause of arsenic water pollution in some districts of the state due to decay of underground minerals.

    Rapid increase of population, urbanization, agricultural practices and several human activities are polluting the fresh water resource in the state by adding a lots of pollutants. This resulted in the increase of water pollution. In order to prevent control and abate water pollution, the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act was enacted in 1974. According to Section 2(e) of Water (Prevention and control of pollution) Act, 1974'water pollution 'means such contamination of water or such alteration of the physical, chemical or biological properties of water or such discharge of any sewage or trade effluent or of any other liquid, gaseous or solid substance into water(whether directly or indirectly) as may, or is likely to, create a nuisance or render such water harmful or injurious to public health or safety, or to the life and health of animals or plants or of aquatic organisms. To ensure that the water quality is being maintained or restored at desired level it is important that it is monitored on regular basis. Water quality monitoring helps in evaluating the nature and extent of pollution control required and effectiveness of pollution control measures already in existence. It also helps in drawing the water quality trends and prioritizing pollution control efforts. It is one of the primary goals of the Water Act to protect our valuable water resources.


View the Water Quality Standards

STANDARDS FOR SURFACE WATER



  The following surface water quality standards formulated by the central govt.:

Surface Water Quality Standards (as per IS: 2296)
Surface Water Quality Standard(By CPCB)

Water Quality Standards for Coastal Waters Marine Outfalls[By MoEF under The E(P)Rules,1986]

Primary Water Quality Criteria for Bathing Water[By MoEF under The E(P)Rules,1986]

Surface Water Quality Standards Formulated by BIS(as per IS:2296)

    This standard has been withdrawn by the Bureau of Indian Standard and it is not valid standard now, as reported by BIS,Patna.


Surface Water Quality Standards Formulated by CPCB

Class of Water Designated-Best-Use Classification Parameters Affecting Quality Criteria
A Drinking Water Source without conventional treatment but after disinfection   1. DO ≥ 6 mg/l
  2. BOD(5days 200C) ≤ 2  mg/l
  3. Total Coliform Organism MPN/100 ml ≤ 50
  4. pH Between 6.5 and 8.5
  5. Total Dissolved Solids ≤  500 mg/l  
  6. Chlorides (as Cl) ≤  250 mg/l  
  7. Colour, Hazen Units ≤ 10
  8. Taste or Odour  Not perceptible 
  9. Sodium Absorption Ratio --
  10. Boron (as B) --
  11.Sulphates (as SO4) ≤400 mg/l
B Outdoor Bathing(Organised)    1. DO ≥ 5 mg/l
  2. BOD(5days 200C) ≤ 3mg/l
  3. Total Coliform Organism MPN/100 ml ≤ 500
  4. pH Between 6.5 and 8.5
  5. Total Dissolved Solids --
  6. Chlorides (as Cl) --  
  7. Colour, Hazen Units ≤ 300
  8. Taste or Odour  -- 
  9. Sodium Absorption Ratio --
  10. Boron (as B) --
  11.Sulphates (as SO4) --
C Drinking Water Source after conventional treatment and disinfection   1. DO ≥ 4 mg/l
  2. BOD(5days 200C) ≤ 3mg/l
  3. Total Coliform Organism MPN/100 ml ≤ 5000
  4. pH Between 6 and 9
  5. Total Dissolved Solids ≤  1500 mg/l
  6. Chlorides (as Cl) ≤  600 mg/l
  7. Colour, Hazen Units ≤ 300
  8. Taste or Odour -- 
  9. Sodium Absorption Ratio --
  10. Boron (as B) --
  11.Sulphates (as SO4) ≤400 mg/l
D Propagation of Wild Life and Fisheries   1. DO ≥ 4 mg/l
  2. BOD(5days 200C) --
  3. Total Coliform Organism MPN/100 ml --
  4. pH Between 6.0 and 8.5
  5. Total Dissolved Solids --
  6. Chlorides (as Cl) --
  7. Colour, Hazen Units -- 
  8. Taste or Odour  --
  9. Sodium Absorption Ratio --
  10. Boron (as B) --
  11.Sulphates (as SO4) --
  12.Free Ammonia(asN)at 250C ≤ 1.2 mg/l
  13.Electrical Conductivity at 250C ≤ 2250 micro mhos/cm
E Irrigation, Industrial Cooling and Controlled waste disposal   1. Sodium Absorption Ratio ≤ 26
  2. Boron (as B) ≤ 2 mg/l
Below E Not Meeting A,B,C,D& E criteria.

Water Quality Standards for Coastal Waters Marine Outfalls[By MoEF under The E(P)Rules,1986]

    No coastal water marine outfalls are available in the state Bihar,therefore this surface water quality standard is irrelevant,here.

Primary Water Quality Criteria for Bathing Water [By MoEF under The E(P)Rules,1986]

    In a water body or its part, water is subjected to several types of uses. Depending on the types of uses and activities, water quality criteria have been specified to determine its suitability for a particular purpose. Among the various types of users there is one use that demands highest level of water quality or purity and that is termed as "Designated Best Use" in that stretch of water body. Based on this, water quality requirements have been specified for different uses in terms of primary water quality criteria. The primary water quality criteria for bathing water are specified along with the rational in Table below:

(Water used for organised outdoor bathing)

Criteria Rationale
   1.Fecal Coliform        500 (desirable)
   MPN/100ml:            2500 (Maximum Permissible)

   2.Fecal Streptococci      100 (desirable)
    MPN/100 ml:           2500 (Maximum Permissible)

To ensure low sewage contamination Fecal coliform and fecal streptococci are considered as they reflect the bacterial pathogen city.
The desirable and permissible limits are suggested to allow foe fluctuation in environmental conditions such as seasonal change, changes in flow conditions etc.

2.pH:               Between 6.5 - 8.5

The range provides protection to the skin and delicate organs like eyes, nose, ears etc. which are directly exposed during outdoor bathing.
3.Dissolved Oxygen:            5 mg/1 or more The minimum dissolved oxygen concentration of 5 mg/1 ensure reasonable freedom from oxygen consuming organic pollution immediately upstream which is necessary for preventing production of anaerobic gases (obnoxious gases) from sediment.
4.Biochemical Oxygen         3 mg/1 or less
Demand 3 day, 270C
The Biochemical Oxygen Demand of 3 mg/1 or less of the water ensures reasonable freedom from oxygen demanding pollutants and prevent production of obnoxious gases.]

STANDARDS FOR GROUND WATER QUALITY



(Source:STATUS OF GROUNDWATER QUALITY IN INDIA -Part – I byCPCB)
     Since all groundwater resources of the State are classified for more than one use and therefore, the most stringent or protective criteria will be applicable. Therefore, its qualities have been compared with Bureau of Indian standards: IS :10500:1991 and WHO Guideline for Groundwater Sources for Drinking Water which is presented in the form of Table given below:


Indian Standards for Drinking Water-Specification

BIS:IS 10500:1991,Reaffirmed: 1993) & WHO Guidelines for Drinking Water





Sl No Substance or characteristics/Parameter BIS,Indian Standards(IS 10500:1991) World Health Organization(WHO Guidelines)
Desirable Limit Permissible Limitin the
absence of Alternate
Source
Maximum allowable concentration
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
   Essential Characteristics
1   ColourHazen Units, Max 5 25 15 True colour  units
2   Odour   Unobjectionable --- --
3   Taste   Agreeable --- --
4   Turbidity, NTU, Max 5 10 5.0 NTU
5   pH value   6.5 to 8.5   No relaxations 6.5 to 8.5
6   Total hardness (as CaCO2) mg/L, Max 300 600 500 mg/L
7   Iron (as Fe) mg/L, Max 0.3 1.0 0.3 mg/L
8   Chlorides (as Cl) mg/L , Max 250 1000 250 mg/L
9   Residual, free chlorine(when protection against viral infection   is required it should be Min 0.5 mg/L), mg/L, Min 0.2 --- --
  Desirable characteristics
10   Dissolved solids mg/L, Max 500 2000 1000 mg/L
11   Calcium (as Ca) mg/L, Max 75 200 --
12   Copper (as Cu) mg/L, Max 0.05 1.5 1.0 mg/L
13   Magnesium(as Mg),mg/L,Max 30 100 --
14   Manganese (as Me) mg/L, Max 0.1 0.3 0.1 mg/L
15   Sulphate (as SO4) mg/L, Max 200 400 400 mg/L
16   Nitrate (as NO3) mg/L, Max 45 No relaxation 10 mg/L
17   Fluoride (as F) mg/L, Max 1.0 1.5 1.5 mg/L
18   Phenolic compounds (asC6H5OH) mg/L, Max 0.001 0.002 --
19   Mercury (as Hg) mg/L, Max 0.001 No relaxation 0.001 mg/L
20   Cadmium (as Cd),  mg/L, Max 0.01 No relaxation 0.005 mg/L
21   Selenium (as Se), mg/L, Max 0.01 No relaxation 0.01 mg/L
22   Arsenic (as As) mg/L, Max 0.05 No relaxation 0.05 mg/L
23   Cyanide (as CN), mg/L, Max 0.01 No relaxation 0.1 mg/L
24   Lead (as Pb), mg/L, Max 0.05 No relaxation 0.05 mg/L
25   Zinc (as Zn), mg/L, Max 5 15 5.0 mg/L
26   Amonic detergents (as MBAS) mg/L, Max 0.2 10 --
27   Chromium (as Cr6+) mg/L, Max 0.05 No relaxation 0.05 mg/L
28   Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (as PAH) g/L, Max --- ---  
29   Mineral oil mg/L, Max 0.01 0.03 --
30   Pesticides mg/L, Max A bsent 0.001 --
31   Radioactive Materials:
    a) Alpha emitters  Bq/L, Max
    b) Beta emitterspci/L, Max

---
---

 

0.1
1

--
32   Alkalinity mg/L, Max 200 600 --
33   Aluminum (as Al), mg/L, Max 0.03 0.2 0.2 mg/L
34   Boron, mg/L, Max 1 5 --


Sl. No. Parameter BIS,Indian Standards(IS 10500 : 1991) World Health Organization,(WHO Guidelines)
Desirable Limit Permissible Limit Maximum allowable concentration
1   Sodium - -   200 mg/L
2   Aldrin&dieldrin - -   0.03 μg/L
3   DDT - -   1.0 μg/L
4   Lindane - -   3.0 μg/L
5   Methoxychlor - -   30.0 μg/L
6   Benzene - -   10.0 μg/L
7   Hexachlorobenzene - -   0.01 μg/L
8   Pentachlorophenol - -   10.0 μg/L
(Source-GROUNDWATER QUALITY SERIES: GWQS/ 09/2006-2007 by CPCB)
Water Quality Monitoring Network

   Water quality of river Ganga and its tributaries, Lakes and Ponds in Bihar is being monitored by the State Pollution Control Board.The ground water quality of the state is also monitored by the Board. Water quality monitoring programme was started with only six stations earlier, which was extended and now it is being carried out at 86 monitoring stationsin the state under National Water Quality Monitoring Programme(NWMP) sponsored by CPCB.The present network comprises of 13 stations on main river stream,25 on tributaries of river Ganga,03 on Lakes & Ponds water bodies and 45 on groundwater bodies.

   The number of sampling locations on mainstream of the majorrivers and their tributaries, medium and minor rivers, lakes, ponds water bodies are given in parenthesis.

Water Body wise Distribution of Monitoring Stations with No of

locations ,Sampling Frequency, Protocol for Parameters & Parameters Analyses




  Monitoring Stations on Ganga River Stream

Sl No   Monitoring Station  No of  locations   Sampling 
 Frequency 
Monitoring Protocol for Parameters Parameters Analyses
1 1.Chusa 2.Ramrekha,Dist-Buxar 2 Monthly

Core Parameters
Temp.,PH,Conductivity,DO,BOD, Nitrate-N, Ammonia -N,TotalColiforms,Fecal Coliforms.

General Parameters
COD, TKN, Dissolved Solids, Total Fixed Solids, Total Suspended Solids, Turbidity, Hardness, Fluoride,Boron, chloride,Sulphate, Total Alkalinity, P-Alkalinity, Phosphate, Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium.

Trace Metal
Arsenic, Nickel, Copper, Mercury, Chromium Zinc, Lead & Iron.

Pesticides
Alpha BHC, Beta BHC, Gama BHC(Lindance), OP-DDT, PP-DDT, Alpha Endosulphan, Beta EndosulphanDieldrin, Carbqnyl (Carbamate) 2, 4D, Aldrin, Malathian, Methyl Parathian, Anilophos, Chloropyriphos.

Temp.,PH,,DO,BOD,TotalColiforms,Fecal Coliforms

2

Doriganj, Chhapra,Dist- Saran

1 Monthly
3

Kurji, Darbhanga Ghat, Gaigh at Fatuha and U/s & D/s Mokama, Dist-Patna

6 Monthly
4   KilaGhat, Dist-Munger 1 Monthly
5

Ajgaibinath Ghat, (Sultanganj), BarariGhat  (Bhagalpur), JahazGhat (Kahalgaon), Dist- Bhagalpur

3 Monthly
  Total 13  

  Monitoring Stations on Tributaries of Ganga River

Sl No Tributaries Monitoring Station No of locations Sampling
Frequency
Monitoring Protocol for Parameters Parameters Analyses
1 Sone Indrapuri(Dehari-on-Sone) and Koelwar(Arrah) 2 Monthly

Core Parameters
Temp.,PH,Conductivity,DO,BOD,Nitrate-N,Ammonia-N,Total Coliforms,Fecal Coliforms.

General Parameters
COD, TKN, Dissolved Solids, Total Fixed Solids, Total Suspended Solids, Turbidity, Hardness, Fluoride Boron, chloride Sulphate, Total Alkalinity, P-Alkalinity, Phosphate, Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium.

Trace Metal
Arsenic, Nickel, Copper, Mercury, Chromium Zinc, Lead & Iron.

Pesticides
Alpha BHC, Beta, BHC, Gama BHC(Lindance), OP-DDT, PPTDDT, Alpha Endosulphan, Beta EndosulphanDieldrin, Carbqryl (Carbamate), 2, 4D, Aldrin, Malathian, Methyl Parathian, Anilophos, Chloropyriphos

Temp., PH,,DO,BOD, TotalColiforms, Fecal Coliforms

2 Ghaghara Revilganj(Chapra) 1 Monthly
3 Gandak Sonepur(Saran) and Rewaghat 2 Monthly
4 Punpun Fatuha(Patna) 1 Monthly
5 Sikhrahna Chanpatia and Lal Parsa 2 Quarterly
6 Daha Siwan, Sasamusa and Utwa bridge 3 Quarterly
7 Sirsia Raxaul(E.Champaran) 1 Quarterly
8 Dhons Saharghat (Madhubani) 1 Quarterly
9 Parmar Jogbani 1 Quarterly
10 Harbaura Narkatiaganj(W.Champaran) 1 Quarterly
11 Ramrekha Harinagar(W.Champ.) 1 Quarterly
12 BudhiGandak Muzaffarpur and Samstipur 2 Quarterly
13 Manusmar Riga(Sitamarhi) 1 Quarterly
14 Koshi Kurshailabridge, Medhepura 2 Quarterly
15 Kamla Benipatti (Madhubani) and Goshalaghat (Darbhanga) 2 Quarterly
16 Mahananda Thakurganj-Kishanganj Road 1 Quarterly
  Total 24  

  Monitoring Stations on Lakes & Ponds Water Bodies

Sl No Lakes & Ponds Monitoring Station No of locations Sampling
Frequency
Monitoring Protocol for Parameters Parameters Analyses
1 Mothijheel Lake Motihari 1 Quarterly

Core Parameters
Temp.,PH,Conductivity,DO,BOD,Nitrate-N,Ammonia-N,TotalColiforms,Fecal Coliforms.

General Parameters
COD, TKN, Dissolved Solids, Total Fixed Solids, Total Suspended Solids, Turbidity, Hardness, Fluoride Boron, chloride Sulphate, Total Alkalinity, P-Alkalinity, Phosphate, Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium.

Trace Metal
Arsenic, Nickel, Copper, Mercury, Chromium Zinc, Lead & Iron.

Pesticides
Alpha BHC, Beta, BHC, Gama BHC(Lindance), OP-DDT, PPTDDT, Alpha Endosulphan, Beta EndosulphanDieldrin, Carbqryl (Carbamate), 2, 4D, Aldrin, Malathian, Methyl Parathian, Anilophos, Chloropyriphos

PH,, DO, BOD, Total Coliforms, Fecal Coliforms

2 Kanwar Lake Majhaul (Begusarai) 1 Quarterly
3 DighiTalab Gaya 1 Quarterly
4 Suraj Kund Gaya 1 Quarterly
Total 4  

  Ground Water Quality Monitoring Stations

Sl No Sampling Station Sampling
Frequency
Monitoring Protocol for Parameters Parameters Analyses
1. Bore Well, katra Bazar, Malsalami, Patna City Half  Yearly

Core Parameters
Temp.,PH,Conductivity,DO,BOD,Nitrate-N, Ammonia-N,TotalColiforms,Fecal Coliforms.

General Parameters
COD, TKN, Dissolved Solids, Total Fixed Solids, Total Suspended Solids, Turbidity, Hardness, Fluoride Boron, chloride Sulphate, Total Alkalinity, P-Alkalinity, Phosphate, Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium.

Trace Metal
Arsenic, Nickel, Copper, Mercury, Chromium Zinc, Lead Iron.

Pesticides
Alpha BHC, Beta, BHC, Gama BHC(Lindance), OP-DDT, PPTDDT, Alpha Endosulphan, Beta EndosulphanDieldrin, Carbqryl (Carbamate), 2, 4D, Aldrin, Malathian, Methyl Parathian, Anilophos, Chloropyriphos

PH,Conductivity,NO3(as N),COD,TDS,TFC,Total P,Na,K,T.H,Ca,Mg,Cl,Alkn,SO4,F,B, Total Coliforms, Fecal Coliforms

2. Bore Well, Bhuthnath Road Kankarbagh, Patna Half Yearly
3. Bore Well, Campus of PMCH, Patna Half  Yearly
4. Bore Well, Campus of Water Board Head Office, Patna Half  Yearly
5. Bore Well, I.G.I.M.S. Campus, Patna Half  Yearly
6. Bore Well, Sadar Hospital Campus, Muzaffarpur Half  Yearly
7. Bore Well, Brahampura Naka, Muzaffarpur Half  Yearly
8. Tap Water, Campus of Kali Asthan, Begusarai Half Yearly
9. Tap Water, Campus of S.P. Office Pokharia, Begusarai Half Yearly
10. Hand Pump, Govt. Hospital Purnea Half Yearly
11. Hand Pump, Near Lower Court Purnea Half Yearly
12. Hand Pump, Bus stand, Tilkamanjhi Chawk, Bhagalpur Half  Yearly
13. Tap Water,  Railway Station, Bhagalpur Half  Yearly
14. Tap Water, Veer Kuwar Singh Chawk, Bhagalpur Half  Yearly
15. Hand Pump, Campus of Kasturba Water Works,  Munger Half  Yearly
16. Tap Water, PHED Pump  house, Main Road, Motihari Half  Yearly
17. Tube Well, T- Model Inter School, Gaya Half  Yearly
18. Bore Well, Dandibagh Water Works, Gaya Half  Yearly
19. Tap Water, Bus Stand, Rajgir Half  Yearly
20. Bore Well, Commissioner's Office Campus, Chapra Half  Yearly
21. Hand Pump, Civil Court, Aurangabad Half Yearly
22. Hand Pump, Court Compund, Arraria Half Yearly
23. Hand Pump, Arra Bus Stand, Bhojpur Half Yearly
24. Tube Well, Collectriate Campus, Buxar Half Yearly
25. Hand Pump, Nagar Parishad Office, Bhabhua Half Yearly
26. Hand Pump, Kilagate Near Rambagh, Darbhanga Half Yearly
27. Hand Pump, Darbhanga Bus Stand Half Yearly
28. Hand Pump, Bus Stand Gopalganj Half Yearly
29. Tap Water, Thaway Mandir, Gopalganj Half Yearly
30. Tap Water, Tank Near, Jahanabad Court Half Yearly
31. Hand Pump Water, Court Compound, Katihar Half Yearly
32. Hand Pump, Sadar Hospital, Khagaria Half Yearly
33. Hand Pump, D.M. Office, Kishanganj Half Yearly
34. Hand Pump, D.M. Office, Madhepura Half Yearly
35. Hand Pump, Callectriate Campus, Madhubani Half Yearly
36. Tap Water, Campus of Tourist Cafeteria, Nalanda Half Yearly
37. Hand Pamp, Civil Court, Biharsarif, Nalanda Half Yearly
38. Hand Pamp, Callectriate Campus, Nawada Half Yearly
39. Hand Pamp, Sadar Hospital, Saharsa Half Yearly
40. Hand Pamp, Callectriate Campus, Samastipur Half Yearly
41. Bore Well, Sri Janki Mandir, Sitamarhi Half Yearly
42. Bore Well, Callectriate Campus, Siwan Half Yearly
43. Tap Water, Dharmshala, Sasaram, Rohtas Half  Yearly
44. Hand Pump, Bus Stand Sasaram, Rohtas Half  Yearly
45. Tap Water, Railway Station Hazipur, Vaishali Half  Yearly

(Source:BSPCB)

Water Quality Monitoring Network

   Water samples are being analysed for core parameters,mainly consisting of physico-chemical and bacteriological parameters like: pH, BOD, DO, Total Coliform and Fecal Coliform because of limited resources by the State Pollution Control Board. No General Parameters, Trace Metals & Pesticides parameters are being monitored. These monitoring works are being carried out under MINARS project sponsored by CPCB.

River Ganga



  Trend of DO


  Trend of BOD


  Trend of Total Coliform


  Trend of Fecal Coliform

OBSERVATIONS

   The above diagram indicates that the average dissolve oxygen(DO) of the river Ganga in Bihar stretch is more than 6 mg/l and its DO content is fairly good & meet to DO parameter of class A. pH is vary between max to min . It is clear from the above diagram that there is an increasing trend of average BOD from the location when it enters Bihar at Buxar to down stream last point at Kahalgaon from where it leaves the state. This indicates that there is a gradual addition of organic pollution to water course. This is mainly because of sewage discharged from various towns situated on catchment area of the river as well as agricultural surface run-off water meeting to the river course.

Ghaghara the tributary of Ganga




  Trend of DO


  Trend OF BOD


  Trend Total Coliform

OBSERVATIONS


Gandak the tributary of Ganga



  Trend of DO


  Trend OF BOD


  Trend Total Coliform


OBSERVATIONS


Sone the tributary of Ganga



  Trend of DO


  Trend OF BOD


  Trend Total Coliform


OBSERVATIONS

     The above diagram indicates that the average pH, dissolve oxygen(DO),BOD of the tributary Sone at confluence of Ganga river stream near Koelwar is more or less constant.



OBSERVATIONS of PUNPUN, KOSHI & MAHANANDA VATIONS OBSERVATIONS


Lakes & Ponds



     The average pH is vary between 8 to 6.5, DO between 6 to 7 (except Motijheel Lake at Motihari,Which DO trend is marginally low.) and BOD between 2.8 to 3.2.

Status of Ground water Quality

     The groundwater quality of state has been assessed based on 45 monitoring stations and samples were analyzed for various physico-chemical and bacteriological parameters by the State Pollution Control Board, because of limited resources. No heavy metals, pesticides and poly-aromatic hydrocarbons were analyzed. The quality of the groundwater varies from place to place with the depth of water table. The groundwater quality has indicated higher concentration of electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, hardness, calcium, magnesium, chloride, sulphate, nitrate, fluoride, iron, manganese, nickel, lead and cadmium vis-à-vis drinking water quality standards. The ranges of each parameter and their percent violation along with observations on groundwater quality are presented in Table 1 of Annexure I. The distribution of critical groundwater parameters such as TDS and Nitrates of pre and post monsoon seasons has been presented in Figure 3 & 4. No poly-nuclear aromatic hydrocarbons were detected in any of the groundwater samples of the metropolitan city.


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